Among others, local governments can use SMART technology to reduce the level of informality (and increase taxpayers’ base) and for the analysis of data (Big Data).

Reducing informality and tax evasion through SMART technologies – In some countries, and particularly in Africa, informal activities can represent between one quarter and one third of GDP and contribute up to over 60% of employment. This constitutes a significant shortfall in tax revenue for local governments. To make the 'formal' attractive and thus reduce the informal, local governments can use technologies to:

• Digitize certain processes by focusing on simple mobile technologies (the only terminal widely distributed in Africa). In Tunisia, for example, Orange has launched a project to reduce electrical consumption, billing errors or fraud risks.
  
• Facilitate the means of payment (Mobile Banking) and access to credit. In Ivory Coast, Orange is working with the Abidjan District to set up a digitization pilot project of collecting business taxes. The project includes three lines of development: 1) to propose to taxi drivers of the District to pay for their professional fees via mobile phone (Mobile Banking); 2) to provide a simplified method of communication with the District to facilitate exchanges and to trace requirements through the M-Tew platform; 3) to provide feedback on the movement of taxis in Abidjan (attendance lines, traffic jams, parking areas, etc.). The expected outcomes of the project are: to avoid the waste of time and money of taxi drivers trip to the municipal treasury; to ensure a secured and transparent circulation of financial flows; to reduce corruption by eliminating the use of cash; to improve tax collection for the District; to improve exchanges between the District and local economic operators on the development needs of infrastructures used by taxis. The project should bring benefits for citizens, taxi drivers and the municipality. Rising incomes and reducing shortfalls will improve public services such as road infrastructures.
  
• Establish programs to increase the competence and productivity of small businesses and entrepreneurs, to expand their activity and leave the informal sector. In Ivory Coast, Orange created an application called "My Business with Orange" that enables informal sellers of fruits and vegetables, or other products, to facilitate inventory management, orders from wholesalers or product sales, and customer relations with payment via Orange Money. Another Orange project aims to strengthen the actions of the French Group Bel cheese among street sellers to improve and retain their skills by offering them training via mobile phone and social incentives.
  

Data analysis for an optimal decision making – Local governments in partnership with telecom operators can use the massive data from mobile phones and / or deploy connected objects to generate data that allow optimizations. In this sense, in 2012, Orange organized the competition "Data 4 Development.". During challenges organized in Senegal and Ivory Coast researchers identified that Big Data can complement or facilitate heavy censuses, surveys or polls to measure indicators (e.g. of poverty, illiteracy, urban mobility, energy access, crisis management, floods, etc.). The analysis of these data allows public authorities to make informed and appropriate decisions. For example, in the field of urban mobility, the collection of data from mobile phones allows public authorities to carry out investigations of origin and destination, to identify areas of high density, to know where to act to better regulate the flow traffic, etc. Big Data can also establish probabilities of the percentage of illiterate population and the location of this population (e.g. based on the number of SMS sent) and better adjust communications campaign. The communication channel and the message can be customized according to the characteristics of the target populations. A research "OPAL" for Open Algorithm, is currently being developed with the French Development Agency to find ways national statistical institutes and local governments could use such indicators.

When it comes to SMART projects, public sector bodies are often cautious and have strong financial constraints. The implementation of public-private partnerships to test solutions that mobilize new products or services based on digital technologies to increase tax revenues or reducing expenses may be interesting. Especially before scaling up projects, thus allowing to proceed by demonstration effect in order to reduce risks and provide evidence-based advocacy. Telecom operators are the main actors with access to bulk data and innovation in business model could help local governments reduce investment costs. A new economic model based on Big Data context is the “Outcome economy” where companies do not sell services or products, but results directly quantifiable. In Los Angeles, the start-up "Streetline" partnered with the municipality to implement over 7000 sensors on urban roads allowing to know, in real time, parking availability. Los Angeles observed an increase of 2% in revenue generated by parking fees despite a decline in parking costs.

The illiteracy rate and Internet access inequalities are still high, especially in the cities of developing countries. Consequently, local governments should provide adapted services to the entire population, which means there should be alternatives to the solutions based on new technologies, and cities should also implement initiatives to reduce the digital divide and to educate people in their use. For example, in the case of tax payment projects via mobile phone, it is important that messages are understood by everyone (replace SMS by voice mail messages or interfaces with intuitive icons). From this perspective, the fact of having informed and updated databases on the profile of taxpayers in order to ensure that tailored messages are sent and conduct appropriate targeting policies is key.

The legislation does not always give autonomy to local governments to raise their taxes. It is therefore useful to plan extensive phases of negotiation with all stakeholders and to identify issues at stake for each actor involved (trade unions, local government, private sector, involved ministries, etc.). It may also be useful to start with a pilot phase, completed by a detailed impact assessment. This would serve to model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the project and defend it to citizens and decision-makers from central governments and guarantee a return on investment.

When implementing SMART projects, local governments should pay attention to the following elements:

• Implement incentives to facilitate the transition to a system that uses the technology. For example: tax reduction, delay extension; in case of partnership with a telecom operator, offer tariff discounts on communication; etc. In the specific case of the project of the District of Abidjan, Orange has established a partnership with Total fuel distributor in order to offer gas coupons to taxis when they fill up at a gas station and print there the stickers-receipts confirming the payment of the tax.
  
• Ensure data protection of users by ensuring the anonymity of the collected information.
  
• Ensure transparency of actions, conduct sensitization and awareness campaigns. Show the results of a "SMART" policy by presenting in a systematic, personalized and geo-localized way the investments made through income increases.
  
• Within the municipality, in order to avoid resistance, staff training and change management by including employees in the project elaboration and implementation since the beginning is essential.
  

• More info:http://laborange.fr/
• More info here: http://www.orange-business.com/fr/big-data-analytics
• More info here:http://www.d4d.orange.com/en/national-statistics and 
  

• http://www.ffue.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/FU-US_150927_Blondel_LaRecherche_BigData.pdf